帛书易传天人道德观发覆-对孔子天人道德思想及其承传影响之检

帛书易传天人道德观发覆-对孔子天人道德思想及其承传影响之检
摘要:本文通过对帛书易传《二三子问》、《易之义》、《要》、《缪和、昭力》四篇的分析,认为帛传四篇为孔子《易》论,其中包涵着《论语》、《孔子集语》、传世本《易传》等反映 孔子思想的传世文献所隐微罕见的天人道德观念;帛传四篇表现了孔子在涵括三代以至春秋新旧天人观念的基础上对于天人内涵的初步的哲学改造,反映了孔子将传统的主宰之天转化 为道德之天、并将传统的主体对于形上存在的外在超越关系转化为内在超越关系的致思取向,从而凸显了孔子作为当时敏锐而深邃的思想家的形象;帛传四篇所涵具的孔子天人道德思 想补足了三代天命德政观与思孟天道性命思想之间的逻辑缺环,是经由曾子(《天圆》)而达 致《中庸》、郭店儒家简、《孟子》乃至传世本《易传》所体现的天道性命思想高峰的理论 根据。??关键词:孔子 帛书易传 天命德政观 天人道德观 天道性命思想On The View of Moral between Heaven and Human in Yi-Zhuan on Silk——Reviewing Confucius' Thought on the Moral between Heaven and Human and Its Inheritance and TransmittanceSummary:This thesis,after analyzing Er-San-Zi-Wen,Yi-Zhi-Yi,Yao,Mu-He and Zhao-Li in Yi-Zhuan on silk,holds that the four articles mentioned above records Confucius' statements about Yi-Jing,the statements contain the view of moral between heaven and human hardly seen in the bibliography on four articles show the preliminarily philosophical transmutation on the view of moral between heaven and human made by Confucius on the basis of the ideas of heaven and human formed from Xia,Shang,Western Zhou Dynasties to Spring and Autumn period;they reveal Confucius' orientation to think which transformed the traditional heaven as dominator into the moral heaven,and transformed the relation ship between the subject and the metaphysical existance from external transcendence to innerness;thus they relieve Confucius as keen and profound thinker at that four articles which Contain Confucius' thought of moral between heaven and human fill the logical vacancy of the view about heaven and human from Xia,Shang,Western Zhou Dynasties to the School of Zi-Si and Mencius;they were the theoretical foundation reaching the ideaistic summit on the heaven and human from Zeng-Zi to Zhong-Yong,the Guodian Confucian Slips,Mencius and Yi-Zhuan handed down from ancient ords: Confucius/ Yi-Zhuan on silk/ the view of moral between heaven and human/ the thought about the principle of heaven and nature and destiny引 论关于天人相与的思想,是儒家哲学中古老、丰富而且一贯的内容。《尚书·尧典》所谓“允 恭克让,光被四表,格于上下”,《大禹谟》所谓“满招损,谦受益,时乃天道”,《仲虺之诰》所谓“钦崇天道,永保天命”,《汤诰》所谓“惟皇上帝,降衷于下民,若有恒性,克绥厥猷惟后”,乃至《文侯之命》所谓“昭升于上,敷闻在下,惟时上帝,集厥命于文王”,等等,均在道德意义上将人事政治系于上天,表明二王三代业已对天人相与问题给予了相当的重视。?析而言之,先秦儒家天人相与观念的内涵是存在着历史演变的。西周以上所谓“天”乃是外 在于人的神格的主宰之天(亦称“上”、“上帝”、“皇天”、“皇上帝”等等),对于整个 形下世界具有叙典、秩礼、命德、呈祥、讨罪、剿命、示警、降灾等全能作用和绝对权威,而人则基本上完全受制于天;虽然其时也有所谓“天难谌,命靡常”①、“天不可信”②一类或疑之论,但其思想实质乃在于强调人面对 兴替的世事应该更加笃守“一德”,以图“克享天心,受天明命”③。根据当时笃信天命、强调以德政获天固命的普遍观念,可以将三代天人相与思想概括为天命德政观。降及思孟,“天”作为形上道德存在以及性与天道在道德意义上相契合的观念逐渐凸显,“ 天”的主宰性基本上被道德性所替换,人相对于“天”的受制性也不断转化为道德主体性,儒家天道性命观的基本原则和主要范畴均已形成。显而易见,在天人相与这一思想框架之内,思孟天道性命观与三代天命德政观之间存在着较 大的差异,发生了较大的转变,而有关儒学史的研究对于这一转变的根据并没有给出充分合理的说明,亦即对思孟天道性命观与三代天命德政观之间的中介环节并没有基于扎实的文献 资料得出合乎历史事实与逻辑发展的结论。探讨思孟与三代天人相与思想之间的中介环节,便是本文意图索解的主要问题。传世文献所见孔子天人相与思想思孟之学的历史传承不难确定。子思及于孔子之世而从学于孔门高第曾参。孟子从学于子思门人而以私淑孔子自居,声称“乃所愿则学孔子也”④鉴于这一师承关系,探讨思孟思想的根据当然应由孔子入手。
《论语》